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1994-05-02
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<text>
<title>
Finland: Economy
</title>
<article><hdr>The World Factbook 1993: Finland
Economy</hdr><body>
<p>Overview: Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free
market economy, with per capita output two-thirds of the US
figure. Its key economic sector is manufacturing - principally
the wood, metals, and engineering industries. Trade is
important, with the export of goods representing about 30% of
GDP. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on
imports of raw materials, energy, and some components for
manufactured goods. Because of the climate, agricultural
development is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic
products. The economy, which experienced an average of 4.9%
annual growth between 1987 and 1989, sank into deep recession in
1991 as growth contracted by 6.5%. The recession - which
continued in 1992 with growth contracting by 3.5% - has been
caused by economic overheating, depressed foreign markets, and
the dismantling of the barter system between Finland and the
former Soviet Union under which Soviet oil and gas had been
exchanged for Finnish manufactured goods. The Finnish Government
has proposed efforts to increase industrial competitiveness and
efficiency by an increase in exports to Western markets, cuts in
public expenditures, partial privatization of state enterprises,
and changes in monetary policy. In June 1991 Helsinki had tied
the markka to the EC's European Currency Unit (ECU) to promote
stability. Ongoing speculation resulting from a lack of
confidence in the government's policies forced Helsinki to
devalue the markka by about 12% in November 1991 and to
indefinitely break the link in September 1992. By boosting the
competitiveness of Finnish exports, these measures presumably
have kept the economic downturn from being even more severe.
Unemployment probably will remain a serious problem during the
next few years - monthly figures in early 1993 are approaching
20% - with the majority of Finnish firms facing a weak domestic
market and the troubled German and Swedish export markets.
Declining revenues, increased transfer payments, and extensive
funding to bail out the banking system are expected to push the
central government's budget deficit to nearly 13% in 1993.
Helsinki continues to harmonize its economic policies with those
of the EC during Finland's current EC membership bid.
</p>
<p>National product: GDP - purchasing power equivalent - $79.4
billion (1992)
</p>
<p>National product real growth rate: -3.5% (1992)
</p>
<p>National product per capita: $15,900 (1992)
</p>
<p>Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.1% (1992)
</p>
<p>Unemployment rate: 13.1% (1992)
</p>
<p>Budget: revenues $26.8 billion; expenditures $40.6 billion,
including capital expenditures of $NA (1992)
</p>
<list>
<l>Exports: $24.0 billion (f.o.b., 1992)</l>
<l> commodities: timber, paper and pulp, ships, machinery,
clothing and footwear</l>
<l> partners: EC 53.2% (Germany 15.6%, UK 10.7%), EFTA 19.5%
(Sweden 12.8%), US 5.9%, Japan 1.3%, Russia 2.8% (1992)</l>
<l>Imports: $21.2 billion (c.i.f., 1992)</l>
<l> commodities: foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products,
chemicals, transport equipment, iron and steel, machinery,
textile yarn and fabrics, fodder grains</l>
<l> partners: EC 47.2% (Germany 16.9%, UK 8.7%), EFTA 19.0%
(Sweden 11.7%), US 6.1%, Japan 5.5%, Russia 7.1% (1992)</l>
</list>
<p>External debt: $25 billion (1992)
</p>
<p>Industrial production: growth rate 7.6% (1992 est.)
</p>
<p>Electricity: 13,500,000 kW capacity; 55,300 million kWh
produced, 11,050 kWh per capita (1992)
</p>
<p>Industries: metal products, shipbuilding, forestry and wood
processing (pulp, paper), copper refining, foodstuffs,
chemicals, textiles, clothing
</p>
<p>Agriculture: accounts for 5% of GDP (including forestry);
livestock production, especially dairy cattle, predominates;
forestry is an important export earner and a secondary
occupation for the rural population; main crops - cereals, sugar
beets, potatoes; 85% self-sufficient, but short of foodgrains
and fodder grains; annual fish catch about 160,000 metric tons
</p>
<p>Economic aid: donor - ODA and OOF commitments (1970-89), $2.7
billion
</p>
<p>Currency: 1 markkaa (FMk) or Finmark=100 pennia
</p>
<p>Exchange rates: markkaa (FMk) per US$1 - 5.4193 (January
1993), 4.4794 (1992), 4.0440 (1991), 3.8235 (1990), 4.2912
(1989), 4.1828 (1988)
</p>
<p>Fiscal year: calendar year
</p></body></article></text>